Chapter 2: What is Literature and Does It Matter? By: Ashley Milton, George Stearn, Noah Aigner, Lauren Greb

Chapter Summary

In Chapter two of Jonathan Culler’s Literary Theory the author explores the definition of literature itself in order to further acquaint the reader with that concept. For something that is discussed as often as literature it is interesting to think that the definition of the word itself is not so easily pinned down. Literature is not only the written word, say Culler, but it possesses a certain quality which makes it unique and worthy of attention. 

In addition, many qualities of literature can be applied to outside subjects with relative ease. So why then is literature so difficult to define? Culler believes that history has shaped the definition in such a way that it applies to more forms of writing than just narrative and nonfiction, rather any piece of writing with a structure (or purposeful lack thereof) and an innate ability to be analyzed could be considered a literary work. Also, in this modern age historical definitions might not apply. Culler reasons that literature may have some qualities that differentiate it from an autobiography or song for instance. 

What are those qualities? That is more difficult to discern, as many of them are universal, as stated previously. Literary Conventions are certainly a quality that sets literature apart from other forms of writing. Culler reasons that how you write a work is just as important as the content. The nature of literature is also important, because of their unique structure and function many types of poetry are instantly recognizable; this makes them literature. But neither that nor the integration of language cover the entirety of the question, literature also creates a “fictional world” in which the reader is privy to complex narrative woven using different techniques. Literature can also be aesthetically pleasing; people often debate about the beauty of the written word. 

Finally, one of the most interesting qualities of literature is its ability to build on itself. Newer works reference older ones and scores of authors put references to works like the Odyssey and classical readings into their work. For the last portion of the chapter, Culler discusses the functions of literature and the paradox it creates. Many argue that it encourages civility and education, as well as solitary study. However, it also encourages new avenues of thought which can lead to action. 

Literature is a paradox because it encourages regulated creativity, but it is that same regulation which allows authors to grow beyond the scope of convention and into their creative own. Culler ends the chapter by reminding the reader that scholars examine the nature of literature to better hone the tools of their trade, and know the medium with which they do their work. Questioning literature helps readers better understand the nature of creativity and their own ability to express themselves.